Mobile Positioning Connection

1.Introduction

1.1.Overall Purpose

1.2 Why Is Mobile Positioning and Location Management Important?

2.Mobile Positioning Technologies

2.1 Position versus Location

2.2 Introduction to Positioning

2.3 Location Determination Methods (Non-Telephony)

2.3.1 Landmarks

2.3.2 Dead Reckoning

2.3.3 Celestial Navigation

2.3.4 Magnetic Tracking

2.4 Location Determination Methods for Mobile Applications

2.4.1 Location Positioning Determination Technologies

2.4.1.1 Satellite-Types Overview

2.4.1.1.1 Geostationary Satellites

2.4.1.1.2 Medium Earth Orbits

2.4.1.1.3 Low Earth Orbit Satellites

2.4.1.1.4 Elliptical Orbit Satellites

2.4.1.2 The Global Positioning System

2.4.1.2.1 Overview

2.4.1.2.2 GPS Coverage

2.4.1.2.3 GPS Calculations

2.4.1.2.3.1 Satellite Position Determination

2.4.1.2.3.2 GPS Device Distance From A Satellite Calculation

2.4.1.2.3.3 GPS Device Location Calculation

2.4.1.2.3.4 GPS Error Sources

• Selective Availability

• Tropospheric Delays

• Ionosphere Delays

• Multi-Path Delays

• GDOP/Visibility Delay

2.4.1.2.3.5 GPS Calculation Refinement

• Pseudo-Ranges

• Differential Correction

• WAAS

2.4.1.2.3.6 Other Considerations

• Alternatives to GPS

• Time To First Fix

• Cold Start

• Autonomous Start

• Warm Star

• Hot Start

• Obscuration

2.4.1.2.3.7 GPS Technical Data

2.4.1.2.4 Assisted GPS

2.4.1.2.4.1 A-GPS Historical Background

2.4.1.2.4.2 How A-GPS Works

2.4.1.2.5 GPS-Based Mobile Applications

2.4.1.2.5.1 Overview

2.4.1.2.5.2 Critical Success Factors

2.4.1.2.5.3 Business Case Development

2.4.1.3 Terrestrial Network-Based Location Technologies

2.4.1.3.1 Overview

2.4.1.3.2 GSM

2.4.1.3.2.1 History of GSM

2.4.1.3.2.2 GSM Architecture

• Mobile Station

• Base Station Subsystem

• BTS

• BSC

• LMU

• Network and Switching Subsystem

• MSC

• HLR

• VLR

• EIR

• SMLC

• GMLC

Operations and Support Subsystem

2.4.1.3.2.3 GSM Location Management (Cell Handover for LBS)

2.4.1.3.2.4 GSM Basic Location Management

• Cell ID

• Cell and Sector

• Timing Advance

2.4.1.3.3 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Angle of Arrival (AOA)

2.4.1.3.4 What Happened to Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)

2.4.1.3.5 E-OTD versus TDOA

2.4.1.3.6 Comparing Handset-Based and Network-Based Location Strategies

2.4.1.4 RFID

2.4.1.4.1 RFID Overview

2.4.1.4.2 RFID Applications

2.4.1.4.3 RFID Dimensions

2.4.1.4.4 The Strategic Implications of Wal-Mart's RFID Mandate

2.4.1.5 Wi-Fi

2.4.1.5.1 Wi-Fi/802.11 Overview

2.4.1.5.1.1 FHSS

2.4.1.5.1.2 DSSS

2.4.1.5.2 Specifications Overview

2.4.1.5.2.1 801.11

2.4.1.5.2.2 802.11 a

2.4.1.5.2.3 802.11 b

2.4.1.5.2.4 802.11 g

2.4.1.5.3 Wi-Fi Location Technology

2.4.1.5.3.1 Received Signal Strength (RSSI)

2.4.1.5.3.2 Pattern Matching

2.4.1.5.3.3 Wireless Grid

2.4.1.5.4 Wi-Fi Location-Enabled Applications

3.Geographical Information systems

3.1 What is a Geographical Information System?

3.2 GIS Components

3.2.1 Attribute Data

3.2.2 Feature Representation

3.2.3 Spatial Relationships and Analysis

3.2.4 Coordinate Systems and Map Projection

3.2.5 Spatial Data Encoding

3.2.5.1 Vector Data

3.2.5.2 Raster Data

3.2.5.2.1 Quadtrees

3.2.6 GIS Data Manipulation

3.2.7 Management and Processing of GIS Data for MLS

3.2.8 GIS Data Management

3.2.9 GIS Data Processing

3.2.10 GIS in the MLS Architecture

3.2.11 MLS Application Management Issues

3.2.11.1 GIS Data Provisioning

3.2.11.2 Application Provisioning

3.2.11.3 Application Administration

3.2.11.4 Subscriber Provisioning

3.2.12 MLS Application GIS Data Processing

3.2.13 MLS Applications

3.2.13.1 Special Features Supported by GIS Data Processing

3.2.13.2 GIS Post-Processing Event Analysis

3.2.13.3 Event Logging

3.2.13.4 Event Reporting and Analysis

4.Location Management

4.1 The Location Management Function

4.1.1 LM in MLS Architecture

4.1.2 Detailing with Simultaneous IDE and MLS Applications.

4.2 Positioning Sub-Systems

4.2.1 Obtaining Positioning Data

4.2.2 Position Calculation Function

4.2.3 Conversion of Position Data Into Useful Location information

4.2.4 Intelligent PDE Selection

4.2.5 Caching Location Information

4.2.6 Best Selection Process

4.2.7 Determination Of Available PDE

4.3 MLS Client Control Subsystem

4.3.1 Clients vs Subscribers

4.3.2 Different Types of MLS Client

4.3.3 MLS Applications, Services, and Content

4.3.4 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting

4.3.4.1 Authentication and Authorization

4.3.4.2 Accounting

4.3.5 Personalization

4.3.5.1 Privacy

4.3.5.1.1 Identity Privacy

4.3.5.1.2 Location Privacy

4.3.6 Quality of Service

4.3.7 QoS Management Based on Priority

4.3.8 LM Response Information to a MLS Client

4.3.8.1 Successful Location Request

4.3.8.2 Unsuccessful Location Request

4.4 On-Demand and Periodic Location Request

4.5 Location Request Use Cases

4.5.1 Mobile Originated Location Request (MO-LR)

4.5.2 Mobile Terminated Location Request (MT-LR)

4.5.3 Network Initiated Location Request (NI-LR)

4.6 Hierarchical Approach to Positioning

4.7 Standard Location Management Infrastructure

4.7.1 ANSI Standard Location Management Infrastructure

4.7.2 GSM Standard Location Management Infrastructure

About the Authors

Mobile Positioning in GSM Networks

Introduction to Positioning

Quality of Service

LCS Procedures

General Network Procedures

GSM Positioning Methods

3G Positioning Methods

LCS Architecture

Logical Reference Model

Generic LCS Logical Architecture

GSM LCS Reference Model

GERAN/UTRAN Architecture

Functional LCS Architecture in GERAN

UTRAN Positioning Architecture

External LCS Client

Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC)

Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC)

Location Measurement Unit (LMU)

Service Control Function (gsmSCF)

Positioning Methods Overview

UE-based vs. UE-assisted

Cell ID and TA/RTT

Time of Arrival Methods

Angle of Arrival Methods

Hybrid Methods: E-OTD

Global Positioning System

Summary and Evaluation of Methods

Security and Privacy

Security

Privacy

MS Privacy Options

Privacy Override Indicator (POI)

LCS Subscription Data

LCS Client Data

Special Cases: Emergency Services

Special Cases: Lawful Intercept

LCS Network Infrastructure

GSM LCS Reference Model

Network Element Function

GMLC

SMLC

LMU

gsmSCF

HLR

MSC/VLR

BSC

BTS

LMU Type A

LMU Type B

Network Element Interfaces

Le

Lc

Lg

Lh

Ls

Lp

Lb

A

Abis

Um

Cell ID

MS/UE States

CGI, LAI, SAI, URA

Differences in Cell ID GSM vs. UMTS

UE in Soft-handover (WCDMA)

Cell ID Procedures

TA Positioning Procedures for NSS SMLC

TA Positioning for BSS SMLC

E-OTD/OTDOA

Analysis of DL-TDOA

OTD, RTD, and GTD

Hyperbolic Type Location

Idle Period Downlink (IPDL)

E-OTD/OTDOA Procedures

Positioning of BSS SMLC

Positioning of NSS SMLC

Assistance Data Delivery from BSS SMLC

Assistance Data Delivery from NSS SMLC

A-GPS

Introduction to GPS - DGPS

GPS Navigational Signal GPS vs. A-GPS

Assistance Data in GPS

A-GPS Procedure

UE-based/UE-assisted A-GPS

Other Satellite-based Positioning Systems

Emergency Services

GSM NA - FCC E-911

Phase II

J-STD-036-A

GSM CGALIES