Green Mobile Networks & Base Stations: Strategies, Scenarios & Forecasts 2009-2014

• What commercial benefits will the introduction of environmentally sustainable business practices bring to the mobile industry?
• What strategies should operators utilise to reduce energy wastage in the network?
• To what extent will the widespread deployment of energy efficient base stations reduce CO2 emissions from the mobile network?
• Which vendors and operators have thus far been most proactive in promoting and implementing green policies?
• Which operators currently offer networks fuelled by renewable energy?
• How much will the deployment of off-grid base stations fuelled by renewable energy reduce operator electricity costs?
• What are the opportunities and constraints for renewable energy deployments?

Glossary

Executive Summary

Introduction

What This Report Covers

Three Scenarios: Incremental, Progressive, Transformational

Scenario Comparison

Base Station CO2 Emissions

Figure ES1: CO2 Emissions (Mt) from Base Station Electricity Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Table ES1: CO2 Emissions (Mt) from Base Station Electricity Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Figure ES2: Base Station CO2 Emissions (kg) Per Mobile Subscriber Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Table ES2: Base Station CO2 Emissions (kg) Per Mobile Subscriber Split by Scenario, 2008- 2014

Base Station Electricity Costs

Figure ES3: Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Table ES3: Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Figure ES4: Base Station Electricity Usage (kWh) Per Mobile Subscriber Per Annum Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Table ES4: Base Station Electricity Usage (kWh) Per Mobile Subscriber Per Annum Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Strategic Recommendations

1. The Need for Change

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Global Drive for Climate Change

1.2.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

1.2.2 Regional and National Legislation

i. European Union

a. RoHS & WEEE

RoHS Direct Impact on the Mobile Industry: The Treo 650

b. Carbon Trading: Obligations and Opportunities

1.3 Key Drivers for Environmentally Sustainable Business Practices

1.3.1 Regulatory: Existing CO2 Levels Must be Reduced to Protect the Environment

1.3.2 Consumer-Driven: Environmental Considerations are Influencing Choice of Product

1.3.3 Economic: The Need for Energy Efficiency

1.3.4 Economic: The Rising Costs of Fossil Fuels

1.4 The Industry Response: Integrated Product Policy (IPP) Pilot Project

Figure 1.1: ICT Impacts and Opportunities

Table 1.1: IPP Pilot Project Stages

1.5 The Growth of the Mobile Market and Its Environmental Impact

1.5.1 Mobile User Base

Figure 1.2: Mobile Subscriber Base (m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2007-2014

Table 1.2: Mobile Subscriber Base (m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2007-2014

1.5.2 The Growing Demand for Base Stations

Figure1.3: Average Number of Subscribers Per Active Base Station Split by 8 Key Regions, 2007- 2014

Table 1.3: Average Number of Subscribers Per Active Base Station Split by 8 Key Regions, 2007-2014

Figure 1.4: Total Number of Active Base Stations (m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2007-2014

Table 1.4: Total Number of Active Base Stations (m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2007-2014

1.5.3 CO2 Emissions Across the Mobile Industry

Figure 1.5: Mobile Use Phase, CO2 Emissions, 2008

i. Consumers

ii. Radio Base Station

iii. Network Control, Core & Data Servers

1.5.4 Reducing the Footprint

Figure 1.6: Maintaining a Stable CO2 Footprint - Growth in Mobile Subscriber Base vs. CO2

Emissions Per User, 2008-2014

1.6 Three Scenarios: Incremental, Progressive, Transformational

Table 1.5: Top-line Scenario-Based Forecast Assumptions

1.6.1 Methodology

Figure 1.7 Forecast Methodology

2. Powering the Network

2.1 Key Forms of Renewable Energy

2.1.1 Solar Energy

2.1.2 Wind

Figure 2.1: Wind Turbine Designs

2.1.3 Other Forms of Renewable Energy

i. Pico-Hydro Power

ii. Biodiesel

iii. Fuel Cells

2.2 Renewable Energy in Developed Markets

Figure 2.2: Selected Operators and Vendors, Percentage Green Electricity Utilisation, 2008

Table 2.1: Selected Operators and Vendors, Green Electricity Utilisation (2008) and Future Targets

2.3 Renewable Energy in Developing Markets

Table 2.2: Energy Efficiency Comparison: Vodafone India versus Other Vodafone Companies,

2008/9

2.3.1 GSMA Green Power Initiative

2.3.2 Renewable Energy Deployments in Developing Markets

i. Case Study: Vodafone/Vodacom

ii. Case Study: Nokia Siemens Networks/ETC Ethiopia

Figure 2.3: NSN Solar Panel Array at Ethiopia Base Station

iii. Case Study: Safaricom

Figure 2.4: Huawei Wind-solar-diesel Powered BTS, Kenya

2.4 Constraints on Renewable Energy

2.4.1 Wind Energy

i. Geographic Location

ii. Cost

iii. Turbine Design Must be Optimised to Reflect Localised Conditions

2.4.2 Solar Energy

i. Geographic Location

ii. Cost

Figure 2.5: RPI of Solar Modules, US and Europe

Figure 2.6: Photovoltaic Solar Energy Potential in European Countries

2.4.3 Other Renewable Resources

i. Biodiesel

2.4 Which Renewable Energy Resource?

2.4.1 Developing Markets

Figure 2.7: Motorola Assessment Model for Network Energy Resource

i. Capex and Opex

ii. Location

iii. Load Requirements

3. Base Station Forecasts

3.1 Base Station Deployments

3.1.1 Incremental Scenario

Table 3.1: Incremental Scenario - Base Station Deployments Per Annum Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.2: Incremental Scenario - Percentage of Deployed Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.1: Incremental Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.3: Incremental Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

3.1.2 Progressive Scenario

Table 3.4: Progressive Scenario - Base Station Deployments Per Annum Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.5: Progressive Scenario - Percentage of Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.2: Progressive Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.6: Progressive Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

3.1.3 Transformational Scenario

Table 3.7: Transformational Scenario - Base Station Deployments Per Annum Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.8: Transformational Scenario - Percentage of Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.3: Transformational Scenario- Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.9: Transformational Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

3.2 Green Electricity

3.2.1 Incremental Scenario

Table 3.10: Incremental Scenario - Percentage of Total Base Station Electricity Generated by Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.4: Incremental Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GHz) from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.11: Incremental Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh) from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

3.2.2 Progressive Scenario

Table 3.12: Progressive Scenario - Percentage of Total Base Station Electricity Generated by Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.5: Progressive Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GHz) from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split By 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.13: Progressive Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh) from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

3.2.3 Transformational Scenario

Table 3.14: Transformational Scenario - Percentage of Total Base Station Electricity Generated by Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.6: Transformational Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh) from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.15: Transformational Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh) from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

3.3 CO2 Emissions

3.3.1 Emissions from Grid Electricity

i. Incremental Scenario

Figure 3.7: Incremental Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.16: Incremental Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.8: Incremental Scenario - On-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.17: Incremental Scenario - On-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

ii. Progressive Scenario

Figure 3.9: Progressive Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.18: Progressive Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.10: Progressive Scenario - On-grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.19: Progressive Scenario - On-grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

iii. Transformational Scenario

Figure 3.11: Transformational Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.20: Transformational Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.12: Transformational Scenario - On-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.21: Transformational Scenario - On-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

3.3.2 Emissions from Off-Grid Electricity

i. Incremental Scenario

Table 3.22: Incremental Scenario - Percentage of Base Station Electricity Derived from Diesel- Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.13: Incremental Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh) Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.23: Incremental Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh) Derived from Diesel- Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.14: Incremental Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.24: Incremental Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

ii. Progressive Scenario

Table 3.25: Progressive Scenario - Percentage of Base Station Electricity Derived from Diesel- Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.15: Progressive Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh) Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.26: Progressive Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh) Derived from Diesel- Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.16: Progressive Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.27: Progressive Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

iii. Transformational Scenario

Table 3.28: Transformational Scenario - Percentage of Base Station Electricity Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.17: Transformational Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh) Derived from Diesel- Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.29: Transformational Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh) Derived from Diesel- Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 3.18: Transformational Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.30: Transformational Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

3.3.3 Total Base Station CO2 Emissions

i. Incremental Scenario

Figure 3.19: Incremental Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.31: Incremental Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

ii. Progressive Scenario

Figure 3.20: Progressive Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.32: Progressive Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

iii. Transformational Scenario

Figure 3.22: Transformational Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 3.33: Transformational Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

iv. Scenario Comparison

Figure 3.23: CO2 Emissions (Mt) from Base Station Electricity Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Table 3.34: CO2 Emissions (Mt) from Base Station Electricity Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

3.3.4 CO2 Emissions per Mobile Subscriber

Figure 3.24: Base Station CO2 Emissions (kg) Per Mobile Subscriber Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Table 3.35: Base Station CO2 Emissions (kg) Per Mobile Subscriber Split by Scenario, 2008- 2014

4. Enhancing the Network

4.1 Introduction

Figure 4.1: Traditional Base Station Design

4.2 How Can Power Wastage be Reduced?

4.2.1 Network Planning

4.2.2 Increasing Base Station Coverage/Reduce Inefficiency in PA

Figure 4.2: Heat Dissipation in Power Amplifier, Modulated Voltage vs. Fixed Voltage

4.2.3 Reducing Air Conditioning

4.2.4 Using Feederless Sites and Remote Radio Heads

Figure 4.3: Remote Station Configurations

i. Case Study: Flexi Base Stations

Figure 4.3: Nokia Flexi Base Stations

4.2.5 Improving Efficiency Within the Cable

4.2.6 Energy Saving/Standby

4.2.7 Remote Monitoring

4.2.8 Site Energy Efficiency

4.2.9 Network Sharing

5. Base Station Power Consumption & Electricity Costs

5.1 Implied Cost of Base Station Electricity

Figure 5.1: Global Average Implied Cost of Base Station Electricity Split by Source, 2008-2014

Table 5.1: Global Average Implied Cost of Base Station Electricity Split by Source, 2008-2014

5.2 Power Output

5.2.1 Incremental Scenario

Table 5.2: Incremental Scenario. Average Power Output Per Base Station (W) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 5.2: Incremental Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.3: Incremental Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

5.3.2 Progressive Scenario

Table 5.4: Progressive Scenario - Average Power Output Per Base Station (W) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 5.3: Progressive Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.5: Progressive Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

5.3.3 Transformational Scenario

Table 5.6: Transformational Scenario - Average Power Output Per Base Station (W) Split By 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 5.4: Transformational Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.7: Transformational Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

5.3 Cost of Electricity

5.3.1 Incremental Scenario

Figure 5.5: Incremental Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of Base Station Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.8: Incremental Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of Base Station Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 5.6: Incremental Scenario - Total Operator Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.9: Incremental Scenario - Total Operator Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.10: Incremental Scenario - Total Electricity Costs in Relation to Operator-Billed Revenues (%) by 8 Key Regions 2008-2014

5.3.2 Progressive Scenario

Figure 5.7: Progressive Scenario - Implied Price per kWh ($) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014 95

Table 5.11: Progressive Scenario - Implied Price per kWh ($) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008- 2014

Figure 5.8: Progressive Scenario - Total Operator Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.12: Progressive Scenario - Total Operator Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.13: Progressive Scenario - Total Electricity Costs in Relation to Operator-Billed Revenues (%) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

5.3.3 Transformational Scenario

Figure 5.9: Transformational Scenario - Model Implied Price per kWh ($) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.14: Transformational Scenario - Implied Price per kWh ($) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Figure 5.10: Transformational Scenario - Total Operator Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.15: Transformational Scenario - Total Operator Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

Table 5.16: Transformational Scenario - Total Electricity Costs in Relation to Operator-Billed Revenues (%) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014

5.3.4 Scenario Comparison

Figure 5.11: Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Table 5.17: Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

5.3.5 Base Station Electricity Usage by Mobile Subscriber

Figure 5.12: Base Station Electricity Usage (kWh) Per Mobile Subscriber Per Annum Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

Table 5.18: Base Station Electricity Usage (kWh) Per Mobile Subscriber Per Annum Split by Scenario, 2008-2014

6. Environmentally Sustainable Business Practice

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Environmental Management

6.2.1 Waste Management

i. Network-related Waste

ii. Tertiary Waste

6.3 Teleconferencing and Teleworking

6.3.1 Case Study: TelePresence

Figure 6.1: Tandberg TelePresence T3 Videoconferencing Suite

6.4 Greener Transport

6.4.1 Greener Cars

i. LPG

6.4.2 Offset Fleet Emissions

6.4.3 Car Pooling

6.4.4 Alternative Means of Travel

6.5 Efficiencies in Online Data Storage

6.5.1 Case Studies: AT&T

6.6 Smart Networks

6.7 Paperless Billing

Figure 6.2: Orange (France Telecom), Consumer Uptake of Paperless Billing, Fixed and Mobile Customers 2008

Table 6.1: Hypothetical Reduction in Paper Wastage & CO2 Emissions Based on 50% Adoption of Paperless Billing, Selected Markets

List of Forecasts

All forecasts are for 2009-2014 and include 2008 historical estimates, except where noted below.

Regional forecasts cover 8 regions: North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Far East

& China, Indian Sub Continent, Rest of Asia Pacific and Africa & Middle East.

Mobile User Base

Mobile Subscriber Base (m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2007-2014

Average Number of Subscribers Per Active Base Station Split by 8 Key Regions, 2007-2014

Total Number of Active Base Stations (m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2007-2014

Base Station Deployments

Incremental Scenario - Base Station Deployments Per Annum Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Base Station Deployments Per Annum Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Base Station Deployments Per Annum Split by 8 Key Regions

Incremental Scenario - Percentage of Deployed Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key

Regions

Progressive Scenario - Percentage of Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy

Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Percentage of Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable

Energy Split by 8 Key Regions

Incremental Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key

Regions

Progressive Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key

Regions

Transformational Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8

Key Regions

Green Electricity

Incremental Scenario - Percentage of Total Base Station Electricity Generated by Off-Grid Renewable

Resources Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Percentage of Total Base Station Electricity Generated by Off-Grid Renewable

Resources Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Percentage of Total Base Station Electricity Generated by Off-Grid Renewable

Resources Split by 8 Key Regions

Incremental Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh) from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key

Regions

Progressive Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh) from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key

Regions

Transformational Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh) from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8

Key Regions

CO2 Emissions

Emissions from Grid Electricity

Incremental Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions

Incremental Scenario - On-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - On-grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - On-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions

Emissions from Off-Grid Electricity

Incremental Scenario - Percentage of Base Station Electricity Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid

Generators Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Percentage of Base Station Electricity Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid

Generators Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Percentage of Base Station Electricity Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid

Generators Split by 8 Key Regions

Incremental Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh) Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split

by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh) Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split

by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh) Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators

Split by 8 Key Regions,

Incremental Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions

Total Base Station CO2 Emissions

Incremental Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions

CO2 Emissions (Mt) from Base Station Electricity Split by Scenario

CO2 Emissions per Mobile Subscriber

Base Station CO2 Emissions (kg) Per Mobile Subscriber Split by Scenario

Implied Cost of Base Station Electricity

Global Average Implied Cost of Base Station Electricity Split by Source (Grid Electricity, Off-Grid Renewable, Off-

Grid Non-Renewable).

Power Output

Incremental Scenario. Average Power Output Per Base Station (W) Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Average Power Output Per Base Station (W) Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Average Power Output Per Base Station (W) Split By 8 Key Regions

Incremental Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions

Cost of Electricity

Incremental Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of Base Station Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of Base Station Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of Base Station Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions

Incremental Scenario - Total Operator Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Total Operator Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions

Transformational Scenario - Total Operator Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions

Incremental Scenario - Total Electricity Costs in Relation to Operator-Billed Revenues (%) by 8 Key Regions

Progressive Scenario - Total Electricity Costs in Relation to Operator-Billed Revenues (%) Split by 8 Key

Regions

Transformational Scenario - Total Electricity Costs in Relation to Operator-Billed Revenues (%) Split by 8 Key

Regions

Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by Scenario

Base Station Electricity Usage by Mobile Subscriber

Base Station Electricity Usage (kWh) Per Mobile Subscriber Per Annum Split by Scenario