Smart Transport: Smart tickets, cards and labels for land, sea and air transport

Executive Summary and Conclusions

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is a smart label, ticket or card?

1.1.1 What is RFID?

1.2 Relevant challenges in transport

1.2.1 Cost reduction

1.2.2 Reliability

1.2.3 Passenger convenience and facilitation

1.2.4 Data collection

1.2.5 Theft, counterfeit and emulation

1.2.6 Intrusion

1.2.7 Tampering

1.2.8 Safety

1.2.9 Terrorism

1.2.10 Drugs and other forbidden substances

1.2.11 Illegal immigrants

1.3 Evolution of ticketing

1.4 Evolution of passenger handling

1.5 Evolution of vehicle management

1.6 Current usage of smart labels, tickets and cards

1.6.1 Smart labels

Company profile : Sokymat

1.6.2 Smart tickets

Company profile : X-ident

Company profile : ASK

1.6.3 Smart cards

Company profile : Gemplus

1.7 The global transport scene

1.7.1 Objectives change and differ

1.7.2 Passenger ticketing and much more

2. WHAT IS A SMART LABEL/TICKET/CARD?

2.1 Chip technology

2.1.1 Types of chip

2.1.2 Contactless cards : the future

2.1.3 Contact-with-contactless

2.1.4 Smart ticket technology

2.1.5 Chips in smart labels

2.1.6 Active chip tags

2.1.7 Antenna design

2.2 Chip vs chipless technology

2.2.1 Comparison of strengths

2.2.2 Chipless choices

2.2.3 The future

2.2.4 Development of EAS

3. NEW DEMANDS MEAN NEW SUPPLIERS AND PRODUCTS

3.1 Past and present

3.2 Smart labels, tickets and cards become one business

3.3 Paper and packaging companies have an interest

3.4 The Internet of Things

4. LAND AND WATER TRANSPORT

4.1 Road vehicles

4.1.1 Buses

Case history : Nanjing in China

4.1.2 Road tolling and payment for parking

Company profile : TransCore

4.1.3 Tracking stolen vehicles

4.1.4 Multipurpose vehicle tagging

Case history : Yibin City, China

4.1.5 Driver access

Company profile : Philips

4.1.6 Tagging of vehicle parts

4.1.7 Access to cargo

4.1.8 Fleet management

Case history : Singapore military fleet

4.1.9 Parking and access to premises

4.1.10 Smart tachograph

Case history : The European Commission and the Driver Card

4.1.11 Sound system cards

4.1.12 Car rental – loyalty cards

4.1.13 Manifests

4.1.14 Driving licenses

4.1.15 The future

4.1.16 Warehouses and cargo depots

Case history : The Ford Motor Company

4.2 Rail applications

Case history : Japan – rail fares

4.3 Water transport

4.4 Intermodal transport

Case history : Buses and trains in London, UK

Case history : Korea – bus & train fares

Case history : Malaysian transport purse

4.5 City and campus cards

5. AIR TRANSPORT AND AIRPORTS

5.1 The airport crisis and potential solutions

5.1.1 Improvement needed

5.1.2 Priority for frequent flyers

5.2 Smart passports

5.3 Global standards or nothing?

5.4 Baggage tagging

5.4.1 Business case for tags on all baggage

5.4.2 Profiling with baggage tags

5.4.3 Baggage collection service

5.4.4 Chipless tags to the rescue?

Case history : Tokyo airport trials bag and passenger tagging

Case history : Profiling bags at San Francisco

Company profile : BlueTags

5.5 Passenger auto-location

Case history : Faster check in and boarding with Finnair

5.6 Smart freight tracking and documentation

5.7 Secure access to staff and location and control of staff

5.8 Airport road tolling

5.9 In-flight catering

5.10 Vehicle management

5.10.1 Taxi management

Case history : Taxi management

Case history : Taxis at Heathrow Airport

5.10.2 Private vehicles

Case history : Tolling and parking at Dallas Fort Worth airport

5.10.3 Ground Support Equipment GSE

5.10.4 Other aspects of vehicle tagging

5.11 Asset tagging : Avid and others

5.11.1 Fixed asset register

5.11.2 Recording movement

5.11.3 Theft control

5.11.4 Security and safety

5.12 Weighing systems

Case history : Zurich International Airport

6. OPERATIONAL ISSUES WITH SMART OBJECTS

6.1 Interoperability

6.2 Security

6.3 Privacy

6.3.1 Microprocessors

6.3.2 Radiotelephones

6.3.3 Privacy issues

6.3.4 Combining GPS and radiotelephone

6.3.5 Smart cards

6.3.6 Looming problems with RFID

6.3.7 Solutions – physical limitations of RFID

6.3.8 Data protection

6.4 Congestion of airwaves

6.4.1 Airports and airlines increasingly concerned about crowded airwaves

6.4.2 Congestion at 2.45 GHz with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi even before smart labels hit the scene

6.5 Permitted radiation levels

6.6 Anti-collision

6.7 Viruses

7. STANDARDS AND PRESSURE GROUPS

7.1 Open and closed application systems

7.2 Benefits of standardisation

7.3 Standards organisations

7.4 The process of international standardisation

7.5 The need for RFID, including smart labels, standards

7.6 Moves towards international harmonisation of spectrum usage

7.7 ISO RFID standards development for item management (ISO 18000 series)

7.7.1 Technical standards – air interface

7.7.2 Technical standards – data protocol

7.8 AIM industry standards for 13.56 MHz RFID smart labels and RFID printer/encoders

7.9 RFID application requirement profiles (ISO/IEC 18001)

7.10 Regulatory conformance and standards relevant to RFID

7.10.1 Standards and conformance requirements relevant to RFID

7.10.2 Electromagnetic compatibility

7.10.3 Human exposure to RF fields

7.11 Organisational influences upon technical application standards

7.11.1 EAN.UCC

7.11.2 IATA (International Air Transport Association)

7.11.3 UPU (Universal Postal Union)

7.11.4 United States Department of Defence (DoD)

7.12 Reviewing the situation

7.12.1 Existing standards

7.12.2 Contactless smart cards

7.12.3 Freight container identification

7.12.4 Future standards

APPENDIX 1 The global identification of logistical assets GTAG™

APPENDIX 2 Recent product literature

GLOSSARY